Energy management of hybrid electric vehicles with battery aging considerations: Wheel loader case study

This paper presents a multi-objective energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles. It aims at reducing fuel consumption and minimizing battery wear simultaneously while fulfilling system’s constraints. A control-oriented differential model is considered to account aging effects, an algorithm developed identify its parameters. The formulated as optimal control problem solved by Pontryagin’s minimum principle. controller then implemented wheel loader demonstrate effectiveness. In short-term simulations four drive cycles, behavior of the vehicle compared case where policy does not encompass minimization. Long-term suggest that there huge potential in extending life price pay negligible increase consumption. observed proposed methodology works best nonaggressive cycles.